How are transformer losses classified?

The classification of transformer losses is a key factor in evaluating transformer performance and operational efficiency. Transformer losses can be primarily divided into no-load losses, load losses, and auxiliary losses, each having distinct characteristics and impacts.

Content

●No-Load Losses

No-load losses refer to the losses that occurwhen the transformer is not under any load. These primarily includecore losses (also known as magnetic flux losses or iron losses), which consist ofhysteresis lossesandeddy current losses. Hysteresis losses arise from the energy loss in the core material as it undergoes magnetic field cycles, while eddy current losses are caused by the alternating magnetic field inducing currents within the core material. Core losses are related to the transformer's design, the magnetic permeability of the core material, and the operating frequency. No-load losses are fixed and do not vary with the load.

●Load Losses

Load losses occurwhen the transformer is under loadand primarily consist of winding losses(also known as load losses). Winding losses have two main components: copper losses (or resistive losses) caused by the currentflowing through the windings, and thermal losses due to the resistance of the winding material. Load losses vary with the square of the load current, meaning they increase rapidly as the load increases. The magnitude of load losses is related to the transformer's load capacity and the resistance of the windings.

●Auxiliary Losses

Auxiliary losses refer to the energy consumed byauxiliary equipment during the operation of the transformer, such as fan motors in air-cooled transformers and oil pump motors in forced oil circulation transformers. Although these losses are not generated by the transformer itself, they are essential for the overall energy efficiency assessment. Auxiliary losses are typically associated with the cooling system and maintenance facilities of the transformer and arevariable, influenced by the operating state of the equipment and environmental conditions.

●Standards and Regulations

The standards and measurement methods for transformer losses are typically based on national or international standards, such as GB/T6451-2015 (Technical Specifications for Transformers) and GB/T10228-2015 (Technical Requirements for Dry-Type Transformers). These standards specify the testing methods and permissible loss ranges for transformers to ensure that their design and manufacturing meet contractual requirements and performance standards. Adhering to these standards during the design and manufacturing process is essential for ensuring the energy efficiency and long-term operational reliability of transformers.

In summary

Understanding the classification of transformer losses helps in optimizing transformer design and selection, improving operational efficiency, and meeting relevant standards and user requirements.

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